The Qualitative Study Used For The Study Conducted By...

The qualitative study used for the study conducted by Oster, Mayan, and Toth (2013) was ethnography. Ethnography is a method of describing a culture and the behaviours that are exhibited (Barroso Cameron, 2013, p. 179). The limitation to utilizing this research method in Oster, Mayan, and Toth’s study, which primarily utilized focused ethnographies, is that the researchers may not involve participants from a similar community (2013). In order to address this aspect, the researchers should have conducted a Participatory Action Research (PAR), specifically Community-Based Participatory Research (Barroso Cameron, 2013, p. 187). Like ethnography, PAR allows the researchers to work towards improving the health of their participants.†¦show more content†¦Oster, Mayan, and Toth’s study found that every women interviewed had similar themes pertaining to diabetes and pregnancy, such as difficulty controlling blood sugar and overall health (2013). They also discovered the importance of improving pregnancy care in a way that will increase autonomy and available support systems (ie patient-centred approach) (Oster, Mayan, Toth, 2013). These findings can help guide future nursing practice because from early on, nurses are taught the importance of patience-centred, strength-based care (Gottlieb, 2014). Improving strength-based care in indigenous communities will allow members with gestational diabetes, let alone any other health conditions to build upon person and community assets when they are working to improve health. This process will put patients at the centre of care and allow them to be more involved in their health care and thereby gain knowledge about all aspects of personal health (Gottlieb, 2014). Additionally, when implementing patient-centred care and working to promote health, it is crucial nurses and other healthcare providers involve Western medicine and culturally accepted methods of care. These methods may include cooking classes t hat prepare cultural dishes, developing a community vegetable garden, and implementing appropriate screening tools (Harris, Bhattacharyya, Dyck, Naqshbandi Hayward, Toth, 2013; Health Canada, 2013). The study conducted by Topp et al (2013) was designed to testShow MoreRelatedDiabetes Of Pregnancy Among First Nations Women1797 Words   |  8 PagesFirst Nations women† (Mayan, Oster, Toth, 2014), it was discovered that important aspects of the study process such as its purpose, research questions, and significance were made very clear to the reader. The purpose of the study was to bring a greater understanding to why diabetes rates among First Nations women were higher than that of non-indigenous women and with that, find more suitable options of prevention and treatment of diabetes among this group (Mayan, Oster, Toth, 2014, p. 1469). ThisRead MoreA Brief Note On Diabetes And Pregnancy Among First Nations Women By Oster, Mayan, And Toth1605 Words   |  7 Pagesamong First Nations women† by Oster, Mayan, and Toth (2014) for its relevance to nursing/healthcare, the purpose of the study, research questions, and significance were made very clear. The purpose of the s tudy was to acquire a deeper understanding of the perspectives held by First Nations women with the intention of discovering more culturally appropriate interventions to prevent and treat diabetes in pregnancy among this group (Oster, Mayan, Toth, 2014). The study is relevant to nursing in that

A Brief Note On Degenerative Disorder And Alzheimer s...

Neurocognitive Degenerative Disorder (NDD), formally known as dementia, is a category of conditions marked by progressive or significant cognitive decline that leads to functional decline and loss of independence (Lewis, 2003; Wong Leland, 2016). NDD includes Alzheimer’s dementia, Parkinson’s dementia, dementia due to Huntington s disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus, and vascular dementia, with Alzheimer’s dementia being the most prevalent (Lewis, 2003; Simpson, 2014). NDD generally affects the elderly, and thus as the average age of our population continues to rise, the prevalence of NDD will increase right along with it, which calls for health care professionals to be trained in evidence-based interventions for persons with NDD, as well as increased research into cures and effective pharmacological treatments (Simpson, 2014). While there are some pharmacological treatments for NDD, in general they are only modestly effective and often have unfavorable sid e effects, and thus the treatments for NDD are currently nonpharmacological in nature (McLaren, LaMantia, Callahan, 2013; Schmid et al., 2015; Wong Leland, 2016). Occupational therapy (OT), rehabilitation that focuses on helping people be able to participate in meaningful activities of daily life, or occupations, is one approach to nonpharmacological treatments that has many evidence based-interventions for NDD patients (Occupational Therapy Practice Framework 2002). However, it is important to note that OT

The Alaskan Gold Mine free essay sample

Problem Statement: I have been given a three month option on a possible gold mine in Alaska and after spending two and a half months I have been able to discover a gold mine. Now, my concern is to identify the best possible strategy to reach the claims office in 2 weeks considering the risks of losing the gold mine and life because of the unfavourable weather conditions. Analysis of Issue and Areas of consideration: Claiming the gold mine within two weeks is my priority.However, there are some life threatening risks because of the unpredictable weather conditions. Thus, I need to analyze the probabilities of various risks and choose the one which helps me reach the claims office within 2 weeks and poses minimum risk to my life. Main factors which I thus need to consider are:- 1. Time constraint to reach the claims office non conformance to which could probably result in auction of the gold mine which would be difficult for me to outbid. We will write a custom essay sample on The Alaskan Gold Mine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2. Going over the mountains for reaching the claims office quickly is a dangerous route which could cost me my life in case of any storm. Hence, it would result in the loss of the gold mine. 3. My left hand is injured. Thus, if I choose a dangerous route, I run into the risk of getting injured again which would worsen my condition. Also, the injury makes me weak sometimes which will slow down my pace during return. 4. Mountain storm cannot be predicted immediately. Waiting for forecast would cost a 3 day delay. 5.I have spent a lot of time, money and effort to uncover this gold mine. If I am not able to claim the same, it would be an expensive deal with no returns. Assumptions: Some of the assumptions which I have taken to come up with alternatives are: 1. The probability of passing smoothly through valley is greater than 95% which will help me reach the claims office in two to three weeks. 2. The extent of danger on valley route is not life threatening. 3. The journey on the valley route is slow and tiring because of the uneven or rough terrain. . Taking up the task of exploring gold mine in Alaska can only be taken by a person who is well trained and skilled to walk on rough terrains, survive in extreme climate and mountaineering. Alternatives: Alternative courses of action which can be taken by me are:- Alternative-1: Wait for three to four weeks until the weather warms up and return home safely Alternative-2: Take the mountain route which is dangerous and sometimes impassable but quick route: It will help me reach the claims office within time. This option assumes that I neither encounter a mountain storm nor get injured again in any way. Alternative-3: Take the valley route which is less dangerous and usually passable and will help me reach the claims office in two to three weeks Alternative-4: Wait for two to four days and take Alternative 2 if the weather permits: Still another option would be to wait for two to four days and take Alternative 2 if the weather permits. In case the storm comes, I will go with Alternative 3.Evaluation of Alternatives/Recommendations: Alternative 1: This alternative involves zero risk to my life but I will not be able to claim the gold mine since I will miss on the deadline of reaching the claims office. (Refer Exhibit 2) Alternative 2: This alternative is quick and will help me reach the claims office within deadline. But, if I encounter a mountain storm or get injured during my journey to the top, this would mean a big risk to my life and would further result in the loss of gold mine. Refe r Exhibit 2) Alternative 3: This alternative is less dangerous and has fewer risks while passage. However, the journey on this way and is very slow and tiring and would take an average of two to three weeks to reach the claims office. Thus, the probability of claiming the gold mine is less. (Refer Exhibit 2) Alternative 4: This alternative is a less risk version of Alternative 2. It will allow me to wait for an average of 3 days before I know if the mountain storm is coming and if the mountain is passable or not.Thus, if the storm does not come, I can go with Alternative 2 and reach the claims office within deadline with less risk to my life (If I take proper care of my arm and myself during my journey to the top). However, if the storm comes, I can go with Alternative 3 and miss the claim to gold mine without any life threatening risk. This would also do justice to the time, money and effort I have spent for the whole exploration. (Refer Exhibit 2 3) I will choose Alternative 4 because it has the highest probability of reaching the claims office within deadline with minimal life risk.I have been entrusted with the task of exploring gold mine is the evidence that I am good at climbing mountains or handling extreme climates. Thus, the risk involved in climbing to the top and travelling all the way to claims office in absence of unusual environmental disturbances without any further injuries is more than the risk involved in Alternative 2. It also addresses most of the areas of consideration. My Risk Profiles indicated by the alternative chosen above:- 1.I have a strong Physical risk profile with a score of 8 on a scale from 1 to 10 with 1 being the one who is averse to risk taking and 10 being the one who is most risk inclined. (Refer Exhibit 1) 2. I have a strong Career risk profile with a score of 9 because I am willing to take up new opportunities and challenges in my career. As cited from Alternative 4, getting the claim for the gold mine is my job and I am willing to take the necessary risk for the same. (Refer Exhibit 1) I have learned the following insights about myself from this exercise:- 1.I am an adventurous and creative person willing to take up challenging tasks and responsibilities. I have a good risk appetite as well. 2. I have a high sustainability index since I was able to survive in extreme climates in Alaska, taking care of myself and getting well on my own. 3. I am very committed. Since I had the commitment of coming back in 3 months, I took every possible but calculated risk in conforming to the timeline. 4. I am a highly intellectual person who thinks of various alternatives and analyzes the pros and cons of each before coming up with the best possible strategy.

Phases of a Computer Attack free essay sample

Reconnaissance uses a variety of sources to learn as much as possible about the target business and how it operates, including †¢Internet searches †¢Dumpster diving †¢Domain name management/search services †¢Non-intrusive network scanning †¢Social engineering Phase 2 Scanning Once you have enough information to understand how the target works and what information of value might be available, you begin the process of scanning perimeter and internal network devices looking for weaknesses, including †¢Open ports †¢Open services †¢Make and model of each piece of LAN/WAN equipment †¢Vulnerable applications, including operating systems †¢Weak protection of data in transit Phase 3 Gaining Access Gaining access to resources is the whole point of a modern-day attack. The usual goal is to either extract information of value to you or use the network as a launch site for attacks against other targets. In either situation, you must gain some level of access to one or more network devices. We will write a custom essay sample on Phases of a Computer Attack or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Phase 4 Maintaining Access Having gained access, you must maintain access long enough to accomplish your objectives. Although you have reached this phase has successfully circumvented their security controls, this phase can increase your vulnerability to detection. Phase 5 – Covering Tracks After achieving your objectives, you typically takes steps to hide the intrusion and possible controls left behind for future visits. Again, in addition to anti-malware, personal firewalls, and host-based IPS solutions, deny business users local administrator access to desktops. Alert on any unusual activity, any activity not expected based on your knowledge of how the business works. To make this work, the security and network teams must have at least as much knowledge of the network as the attacker has obtained during the attack process.

Aristotles Meaning of Life essays

Aristotle's Meaning of Life essays From reading Aristotle's philosophies and point of view of life, he gave me the impression that the laws of nature are the boundaries in which humans' lives and the meaning of life evolves around this boundary. Aristotle strongly believed that humans behaved and lived within the laws of nature and there were no Gods and no supernatural forces that affected the way humans could behave or interact. Aristotelian universe is an interaction between form and matter and that every single thing in the universe surrounded and behaved according to the order and purpose of nature. Aristotle also believed that form and matter are two important aspects to meaning of life and that both form and matter are required in order to complete life. Aristotelian form could be absent from matter but it cannot exist independently of matter. According to Aristotle, form is what makes a substance a substance and matters are the materials required in order making it into a substance. In addition, Aristotle also emphasized that in order to understand what constitute a thing, we have to understand and question the four types of causes behind it: (1) Material Cause, (2) Formal Cause, (3) Efficient Cause, and (4) Final Cause. In material cause, behaviours and structures are being formed and changed. In this stage, I believe that Aristotle wants the reader to understand that everything in life needs balance. Too much of certain thing in life is no better than less of a certain thing in life. Following is the formal cause, which shape starts to form because the required ingredient to make up his or her life has been acquired. Once the shape of life starts to form we get to see the changes being done to the person. This change is being known as the efficient cause. Finally, in the final cause we get to see the point of life through entelechy. Entelechy is very important in all living things in this universe because it give completes growth. For example, a circle reache...

All About the French Adverb Comment

All About the French Adverb Comment The French adverb comment is one of the most common in the language. It means how or what and can function as an  interrogative or exclamative adverb. In conversation, you may use this word to ask someones name or to clarify your understanding. It can even be used as a means of expressing incredulity at something youve heard or read. Usage Comment is the French equivalent of how. Here are some examples: Comment vas-tu?   How are you? (Literally, how are you going?)Comment as-tu fait à §a?  How did you do that? With à ªtre, comment means what is ___ like? Comment est-il?  Ã‚  Whats he like?Comment est ta maison?  Ã‚  What is your house like? It also can be  used to ask someones name: Comment tappelles-tu?   Whats your name?Comment sappelle-t-elle?   What is her name? Comment is also used to say what? when you didnt hear or cant believe something:   Philippe est mort.   Philippe is dead.Comment?  Ã‚  What? It is found in a few simple exclamative constructions: Tu as bien mangà ©? Et comment!  Ã‚  Did you eat well? And how! I sure did! I should say so!Comment donc!  Ã‚  Of course! By all means! Exceptions There are a number of uses of how in English that are not translated by comment in French. For instance: How about (we do something)?   Et si  (on fait quelque chose)?How about you? Et toi?How about that! Ça alors!How big/long/tall is it/he? Combien mesure-t-il?How come?   Pourquoi  ? (or Comment à §a se fait?)How far is ___? ___ est quelle distance  ? ___ est combien?How much/many? Combien?How much is it / does it cost? Combien à §a coà »te?How old are you? Quel à ¢ge as-tu?to know how to do something   savoir  faire quelque chose

Information sources and services Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Information sources and services - Assignment Example In this context, it can be affirmed that libraries are the centre of academic activities, as they serve educational organisations along with the students, teachers and administrators with miscellaneous information necessities (Bhatia & Vohra, 2007). It is in this context that the characteristics of information have transformed significantly in recent times. Most striking characteristics of today’s knowledge-oriented generation are the propagation of huge quantity of data, especially in the digital format. Thus, the major challenges for libraries in 21st century are to search, address and use information effectively in order to satisfy the varied groups of people. Based on this perspective, the discussion will intend to develop strategies and options for a large vocational education library which serves almost 30,000 students. With the changes in the requirement of information, the library services are facing significant pressure in terms of the number of services with the reduction in the traditional information counter tasks in library. Considering this aspect, the discussion intends to reform the information service of library which can reflect the requirements of large and varied user groups comprising young and mature students belonging to various cultural and economic backgrounds, professional interns and trainees along with immigrants, tutors and community workers. Reference and Information Services Reference and information services denote individual support delivered to the people in order to satisfy their information requirements. It is based on high level of communication between guiding members and individuals. Providing such custom-made support can be thus regarded as a major objective of library occupation in the modern day phenomenon. In the 21st century, the constant growth of accessibility for digital databases has altered the characteristics of reference services in library. Undeniably, the upsurge of internet and increasing number of contributions for accessing online information and free online materials has also made the improvement of library services more critical (Australian Library and Information Association, 2011). Today, librarians are generally confronted with broad ranges of information alternatives which must be assessed for genuineness and accurateness. It is in this regard that new technologies act as streams leading t o vast torrent of knowledge for people. Thus, providing users with personalised facilities in sensible way can ensure excellence in library information and reference services (Bopp & Smith, 2011). Models of Reference Services In the current day scenario, the digital age has changed the tasks of reference librarians by a certain extent. Although the central task remains the same, i.e. to provide professional support in addressing beneficial information to the users, the new world of accessible electronic databases has developed new ways to manage information in modern day libraries (Lamolinara & Grunke, 1998). The delivery modes of services have also changed in recent days. Where traditionally, users were required to attain services through face to face interactions; in virtual model, the key modes has transformed to electronic modes such as e-mails and chats among other means of communication. Furthermore, traditionally, reference work included arranging and publishing academic info rmation which were principally assimilated from commercial salespersons. However, in the current day phenomenon, the reference tasks have grown to select, store, manage and organize information in a standard format. Therefore, it can be affirmed that the roles of librarians have moved from custodial role to more communication role (Breitbach & DeMars,

Rader, Cossman & Porter (2012) Fear of crime and vulnerability Essay

Rader, Cossman & Porter (2012) Fear of crime and vulnerability - Essay Example Such physical vulnerabilities include gender, health, and age, while social vulnerabilities are the social economic status of such people and their race. The research held that both the physical and social vulnerabilities characteristics are interdependent causes of fear among people. The direct effects of such social vulnerabilities are tied to physical indicators of vulnerability, though occurrence of indirect effects of physical vulnerabilities are tied to fear of victimization through some indicators of social vulnerabilities. Nahavanna (2006) explains ethical considerations as an important aspect in any quantitative research design, which includes respecting the rights of the participants, and the individual consent by the respondents. The benefits of participation as addressed by the authors would be to learn how people from different races, gender, and age distribution would react to fear of crime, leading to an informed basis on which nursing psychology has to be applied whil e dealing with such vulnerable groups. Since the authors used data sets prepared from a previous research, risk benefits, and informed consent were not of much significance in this research. The board approval was obtained. In this case, the Panel Study on American Religion and Ethnicity (PS-ARE), who carried out the primary survey, authorized the use of the survey results to analyze data collected on statistics that would best describe the trend of both physical and social vulnerabilities in fear of crimes. Therefore, the researchers did not require any consent from the respondents, but required authority of the primary body that handled the research. Since the primary survey was carried out by a religious body alongside additional data from US Census Bureau, it would be expected that respondents participated in the research willingly. In this research, the dependent variable was well identified as the proxy for fear of crime, which is reflective of the level of safety the individu als felt in their respective neighborhoods. On the other hand, the independent variables were indicated as the social and physical vulnerabilities of such groups in their neighborhood. Data collection in this research was from analysis of the survey indicated above. The responses were classified into five distinct categories, depending on answers from respondents to the question whether they felt unsafe in their neighborhoods. â€Å"Never† was associated with 1, while â€Å"at least once a day† was rated 5. On the other hand, in physical vulnerabilities, gender (female = 1), while fair or poor health was designated by 1. Other classifying categories included level of education, and income, which were recorded in 19 categories ranging from $200,000, and marital status as married or cohabiting indicated by 1, else =0. The rationale behind this classification was to define the respondents into refined groups as precisely as possible. Therefore, the respondents’ cha racteristics were the social and physical vulnerability. The time taken for the actual survey was not recorded, nor was the time taken to analyze the survey and classify the data in this research. From the primary survey, data collection involved classifying areas into a three digit zip code, and then for each three digit area, another set of two five digit zip codes were randomly formed, leading to about 90 addresses, which were selected randomly and households screened for eligibility. Therefore, in this research, the data collected from the above defined primary research was analyzed for the physical and social vulnerability factors, and the data analyzed quantitatively. Data management

Budgeting and Business Planning Essay Example for Free

Budgeting and Business Planning Essay In order to create the criteria for the committee we have to look at what they want from the project. Most businesses and organisations are in business to make a profit, however the committee has different aims and objectives compared to a normal business or organisation. They need to weight up the options of each proposal and decide which best relates to their aims and objectives. When the committee is considering which proposal to go with they should consider the following categories †¢Short-term Financial Benefits †¢Long-term Financial Benefits †¢Environment †¢Relation to aims Short-term Financial Benefits The committee needs to consider the short term benefits of each proposal. They dont want to take on a proposal that has high start-up costs and doesnt make a return on the capital within the first year. The committee does not want to be left in a high amount of debt if the proposal fails. If the committee is left with a debt they may not be able to fund other projects to further their three aims. Long-term Financial Benefits Long-term the proposals will give different outcomes. The committee needs to decide on how long they want to keep moult hall? If they want it as a long term asset which can help with their aims? Or do they want a longer term money making scheme to boost revenue which can be used in areas they already control. Environment Moult Hall comes with a huge area of woodland, they needs to consider the effects on the local plant life and wildlife that any proposal could have. They need to think, does it destroy plant life? Does it impact on wildlife habitats? Is their going to be any long lasting environmental damage? Relation to Aims The committee is based on three main aims. They need to consider these aims in making their decision, they cant be making use of one proposal if it goes strictly against some of their basic aims. They have to consider their own image and brand, does a proposal give them a bad name/image considering their aims and objectives? Question 2 Jonathan and Ingrids proposal has some short term financial benefits, in the 30 week trial run moult hall turns over a small profit of  £1,646. When the committee takes their proposal in to consideration they should recognise this point, moult hall will be of no financial burden in the short-term 30 week trial. If the 30 week trial is to succeed then moult hall can have some structural work done costing  £20,000 which would close moult hall for four weeks after the trial. The structural alterations would increase the capacity of the site to allow up to 30 guests to stay at one time. According to Jonathan and Ingrid projections of a weekly cost per guest of  £66 and a weekly charge per guest of  £150 they are making  £84 profit per guest per week. With the structural alterations and the increase in capacity by 20 guests. The weeks after the alterations are finished they could make an extra  £1,680 per week, bringing their possible weekly total profit at full capacity to  £2,436 (allowing for one free space, 29 paying customers). Therefore they could justify the large  £20,000 outlay on alterations as moult hall would pay for these alterations in little over 8 weeks. So in the long-run moult hall could be a profitable project by the end of year one. The one drawback of this proposal is the loss of the usage of the minibus at weekends, which generated an annual income of  £1,040, however it can be argued that it is now being put to better use and that the money is being recuperated from moult hall. Break-even point Total expenses £63,880 Weeks until break-even47.3 Guests until break-even473 As we can see from the table above moult hall will have to attract 473 guests a year to break even when they can only hold 10 guests per week. Equally they would have to run for 47.3 weeks a year at full capacity to break-even. This gives them an average of 9 guests a week. If they were to structurally improve moult hall so that they can hold up to 30 guests a week then the figures would look very different as shown in the table below. Break-Even Point Total Expenses £63,880 Weeks until break-even point14.7 Guests until break-even point441 Although a similar amount of guests is required the amount of weeks at full capacity has drastically dropped from 47.3 to 14.7. Their average guests per week has dropped from 9 to 8. Although this is not a large drop, in comparison they only have to fill 8 out of 30 beds compared to 9 out of 10 beds in the 30 week trial. The environment and its protection are very important to the committee and are mentioned in their main aims. Jonathan and Ingrids proposal helps the environment and makes the most of moult hall, if a garden was to be kept at moult hall the guest could tend to this and grow vegetables and recycle waste in a compost, which in turn could be re-used on the garden making moult hall very self-sufficient and environmentally friendly. One of the major aims of the committee is to help and educate the young. Jonathan and Ingrids proposal does just this, by inviting young people from the surrounding area to come stay and learn about the countryside. The guests will be able to learn about different wildlife and plant life living in the moult hall woodland and surrounding areas. The committee has to consider how the proposal will relate to their own aims, with moult hall becoming a learning centre for the young the committee could promote the good work they are doing to increase their donations r evenue and grow as a trust. Question 3 Winston’s proposal consists of turning moult hall into a quad bike track with lavish bedrooms in the house for guests. In the year one moult hall will turn over a profit of  £1,034,283.  £750,000 of this is guaranteed to the North West trust for the protection of wildlife and the other  £284,283 will go to Winston himself. Moult hall would be a great money maker for the trust with the guaranteed income of  £750,000 adding to the  £800,000 a year they receive from local donations and fund raisers, boosting their total revenue for the year to around  £1,550,000. Long-term moult hall will turnover similar amount each year as long as there is no dip in demand. In the second year when Winston doesn’t have any initial capital costs he will make a large profit himself of  £402,350. The funds the committee will earn from moult hall could be used in other areas to promote the protection of wildlife. Break-even Point Total Expenses £1,022,650 Weeks until break-even point35.9 Guests until break-even point538 From the table above we can see the break-even point for moult hall under Winston’s proposal. He would need to be operating at full capacity for almost 40 weeks a year to break-even this means he would have to attract 538 guests a year. On average to break-even Winston will have to have 11 guests a week. In monetary terms moult hall will be a very successful; however some parts of the proposal will go against the trusts main aims. The trust was set up for the protection of wildlife; one aim is to protect local wildlife and plant life. To make the quad bike track many mature trees will have to be removed in the grounds of moult hall. This will disrupt some of the habitats of animals in the woodland. One of the main habitats that could be disrupted is the nesting sites of the red kite. The red kite has only recently been re-introduced in to the United Kingdom after the success of similar projects in wales; the trust fully supports the work of the national charity that achieved this. The red kite was wiped out in the UK by modern farming methods which use pesticides to kill small rodents, which are the main food source of the red kite. The first aim of the Trust is to encourage farming methods that don’t hurt local wildlife and plant life. They have to consider how the disruption of the nesting sites would reflect on them if they took on Winston’s proposal. It may look bad as with one hand they are supporting the work of the charity yet they are making money at the cost of disrupting local nesting sites. Question 4a There are many different measures that to committee can use to measure the performance of moult hall such as: †¢Monthly financial reports †¢Committee inspections twice a year †¢Variance analysis – comparing budgeted figures with actual Variance Analysis The committee could use variance analysis; variance analysis is a comparison of the budgeted cost of running moult hall and the actual cost of running moult hall. They could see if the costs of moult hall are favourable or adverse. If the results are favourable then this means that moult hall is running at a cheaper cost than they originally budgeted. However if the results are adverse then this means that the cost of running moult hall is more than they budgeted, this could be due to higher food prices or a larger light and heating bill than first anticipated. Variance analysis will give the committee a good idea of how much difference there is between their original planned budget and their actual outlay. This will be useful in determining weather moult hall is a financially viable option. Monthly Financial Reports The committee could ask for the manager of moult hall to send them monthly financial reports so that they can keep track of the performance and see if they are making or loosing money. They could let the financial reports come in for a few months or even up to year. This way they can identify trends and high and low seasons. They may find that they have a slightly seasonal product, as more people will want to be outside in the summer compared to the winter. They can also see if over a year they are getting an increasing amount of interest month on month or if they are losing interest Committee inspections Committee inspections could take place two or three times a year, the committee could travel as a whole or send a few representatives to moult hall to assess the upkeep of moult hall and the grounds. The inspection could also be used to see how the guests are enjoying their time at moult hall. The inspection team will then feed back to the committee who will have meetings on how to improve moult hall based on the feedback from guests and/or any improvements or checks that would need to be made to ensure the performance of moult hall is consistent. Question 4b When the committee is assessing the performance of moult hall they can use different companies to assess moult hall for them. The Environmental Inspection Agency (EIA) can carry out Environmental impact assessments. The committee could use this agency to assess the impact that moult hall is having on the surrounding woodland and grounds of moult hall. The committee can use this information to track the environmental progress of moult hall and see if the project is having a damaging or positive effect on the woodland and grounds. The committee could also use a survey company to produce a survey which can be given to guests when they leave so that the guests can give their feedback. The survey company can then use these results to produce accurate feedback to present to the committee. This method would be better than the committee asking the questions themselves as it will give a better representation of the guest’s views on moult hall. One company that they could use is amplitude research, this is a company that specialises in market research, Amplitude research can create a standard survey for guests which will make the results more comparable and easier for the committee to act upon.

Legends Of Seismology :: essays research papers

Legends in Our Time Seismologists†¦ Scientists and Mathematicians Beno Gutenberg was the foremost observational seismologist of the twentieth century. He combined exquisite analysis of seismic records with powerful analytical, interpretive, and modeling skills to contribute many important discoveries of the structure of the solid Earth and its atmosphere. Perhaps his best known contribution was the precise location of the core of the Earth and the identification of its elastic properties. Other major contributions include the travel-time curves; the discovery of very long-period seismic waves with large amplitudes that circle the Earth; the identification of differences in crustal structure between continents and oceans, including the discovery of a significantly thin crust in the Pacific; the discovery of a low-velocity layer in the mantle (which he interpreted as the zone of decoupling of horizontal motions of the surficial parts from the deeper parts of the Earth); the creation of the magnitude scale for earthquakes; the relation between magnitu des and energies for earthquakes; the famous universal magnitude-frequency relation for earthquake distributions; the first density distribution for the mantle; the study of the temperature distribution in the Earth; the understanding of microseisms; and the structure of the atmosphere. Source: http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/bgutenberg.html Inge Lemann's primary accomplishments dealt with discoveries about the Earth's core. In 1936, she discovered that the Earth has a small inner core. Then she "saw" the area where earthquake waves did not pass through and reasoned that there must be an outer liquid core and an inner solid core. She was the first president of the European Seismological Commission. Lehmann was Denmark's only seismologist for two decades. And, in 1977, she became the first woman to be awarded the Medal of the Seismological Society of America. Source: http://www.physics.purdue.edu/wip/herstory/lehmann.html Charles Francis Richter started working at the Seismological Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, based at Pasadena, California, in 1927. The following year, he was awarded a doctorate in theoretical physics by the Californian Institute of Technology (Caltech). During the 1930s, Richter was tabulating over 200 earthquakes a year in southern California at Caltech's Seismological Laboratory. He wanted to devise a means of assessing them on an objective, quantitative basis. Measuring the amplitudes of seismic waves recorded on seismographs in southern California, Richter formulated a local magnitude scale, to assess the size of earthquakes occurring in the region.

Religion Assignment

Religious Background My family is fairly religious and my views have certainly been influenced by their beliefs. I was brought up in a Christian household and the majority of my relatives are Christian as well. All throughout my life this has been the only religion that anyone in my family has followed. Most families have some sort of differing beliefs however mine lacks this and there is very little that differs in any of the family’s belief systems. Though my parents wanted me to attend church regularly I was never forced into anything whether it be attendance or belief and I truly appreciate that. Religion is not the center of my life but it still has a strong presence and influence on my life. Though my family does acknowledge most traditions we have never strictly adhered to them. Of course we celebrate the main events such as Easter and Christmas and partake in the events that go with them. My parents would make sure that we knew the reason that we were celebrating these holidays and though presents still seemed to reign supreme there was always the thought of something bigger. We would always attend the evening church services and the large (and usually dull) family gatherings on these special occasions. Going to church every weekend was not something that was a necessity for us however I believe most would still recognize us as regular attendees. It was always my belief that going to church was not an essential part of my religion and we would occasionally choose football or even sleep over the usual Sunday morning service. Earlier in my life we attended an Evangelical Christian church and my family agreed with the belief system for the most part though my parents seemed to have issues with some of the smaller aspects of the Evangelical church. It was at this church that I first began to form my set of beliefs and my opinion of religion. I have always been prone to asking questions and even at a young age I somewhat philosophical (now I realize that even though I have learned a lot over the years I am still asking some of the same questions that I was asking at the age of eight). My mother was raised in a Christian household but her family was more traditional than ours is. Both of her parents are Christians and that belief filtered down to their children. Overall they seem to be a bit stricter in their beliefs and going to church was emphasized much more than it is in my family now. It seems that with every generation gets slightly more liberal with their beliefs and morals. With my mother church was a large part of her youth and I was hardly involved. It seems to me as if there are three types of churchgoers, the ones who attend regularly (every Sunday), those who only go on Christmas and Easter, and those who live church. She was one of the people who lived church. My father grew up without a belief system but when his sister began searching for answers she became a Christian and that got him thinking and he joined a Bible study because of it. After a while it began to make sense to him and he accepted the religion as well. After both of his children had this new found faith my grandfather decided to â€Å"investigate† as he calls it. He was incredibly skeptical at first as religion had never been a part of his life, but he decided that the best way to find out would be to read the Bible. After much deliberation and consideration he decided that there was some truth to it and he became a Christian as well, with his faith based entirely off of the Bible. My grandmother followed suit and thus my aunts’ change in belief lead the entire family to reconsider their belief. In a way I dislike calling myself a Christian because of some of the connotations and countless different belief sets that the word Christian brings to mind (such as the people who stand at the street corner telling people that they are going to hell if they don’t repent their sins), and I feel as if labels can sometimes be problematic and inaccurate. The Bible is a large part of my belief system as it is one of the few things that make sense to me (if the Bible is the basis of the religion then I feel like it should be the basis of my faith). It seems as if so many different churches try to impose their own set of beliefs and morals on their attendees and it has always made sense (at least for me) to deduct things for myself through reading the Bible. Many of the main points of the Bible seem to get lost in translation and I have always disagreed with Churches that constrict themselves to a specific ideology and I prefer being a part of a non-denominational church or a ‘congregation' that is a little bit more open-minded than most. I base my beliefs off of the Bible and I feel that this is the inspired word of God. I believe that the main message in the Bible is one of love and that getting to heaven isn’t based on works but is instead based on faith. There will always be questions and many people with different viewpoints all believe that they have the answers. Religion interests me because it seems to me as if there will never be an positive answer to life and our purpose. Religion is one way to try to begin the attempt to explain what exactly life is. I think for many people religion is a way of coping with the fact that no one really knows for sure what death will bring. The search for meaning has always fascinated me and this drive reoccurs continuously throughout history. Many people devote their entire life towards finding the meaning of life and while it is not my intention to do the same, I still find it an interesting subject and I believe that studying the history of religion is a great way to expand your mind and gain some insight into what has unfolded in the past. I want to continue to learn about not only my own religion but other religions as well. It is my goal to keep an open mind about everything and really begin to understand and study all religions.

Alcohol Advertising to Youth Essay

Many people are unaware of the prevalence of underage drinking in the United States. Every day in the United States, more than 4,750 kids under age 16 have their first full drink of alcohol. More youth in the United States drink alcohol than smoke tobacco or marijuana, making it the drug most used by American young people. Youth who start drinking before the age of 15 are five times more likely to develop alcohol dependency or abuse in their lifetime than those who begin drinking at 21 years or later. All of these facts were published by the Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth. They have published many reports on the prevalence of drinking among underage youth. But why do underage youth start drinking alcohol in the first place? According to many studies, alcohol advertising is the main influencer of alcohol consumption among underage youth. Alcohol advertising influences the use of alcohol among youth and increases the likelihood that they will consume alcohol illegally. For example, a study published in 2006 found that for each additional alcohol ad a young person saw (above the monthly youth average of 23), he or she drank one percent more. Also, for every additional dollar spent on alcohol advertising in a local market, underage drinkers consumed three percent more alcohol (Surgeon General, 2007). Because young children are likely to be influenced by alcohol advertisements, there needs to be stricter regulations on the advertising industries ability to advertise alcohol to underage youth. According to the Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Prevent and Reduce Underage Drinking (2007), â€Å"The short-and long-term consequences that arise from underage alcohol consumption are astonishing in their range and magnitude, affecting adolescents, the people around them, and society as a whole. † Therefore, there should be a stricter regulation on alcohol advertising to youth because of the strong influence it has on their behavior and their alcohol consumption patterns. Each year, the alcohol industry spends more than four billion dollars marketing its products (Mosher & Cohen, 2012). There have been multiple studies that have correlated underage youth exposure with a greater likelihood of drinking. It is imperative that the government or advertising industry reduces the impact of alcohol marketing on young people. Reducing underage drinking, like smoking, is an important public health goal (Mosher & Cohen, 2012). Public health departments in California, Massachusetts, and Florida have made crucial strides in reducing underage smoking rates in their states (Mosher & Cohen, 2012). They did this my sponsoring tobacco counter advertising campaigns. This indicates that this type of approach may be effective for reducing underage drinking as well (Mosher & Cohen, 2012). The problem with this for alcohol advertising is that there are already responsibility ads, but they are outnumbered by alcohol ads 226-1 (CAMY News Release, 2004). Alcohol product advertising has increased significantly in recent years, while responsibility ads have decreased. According to a new study from CAMY at Georgetown University, the number of responsibility ads dropped by 46 percent from 2001 levels, while the number of alcohol commercials increased by 39 percent. Industry spending on responsibility ads also fell—down 57 percent from 2001. This is unacceptable. According to CAMY Executive Director, Jim O’Hara, â€Å"This minimal amount of responsibility advertising does little to reinforce the message of parents and teachers who are trying to prevent underage drinking. Our children need to receive a more balanced message about alcohol. † According to the same study, for every dollar spent on responsibility ads in 2002, the industry spent $99 on product ads, where in 2001, the ratio was $1 to $35. Alcohol companies should be required to sponsor a certain amount of responsibility ads each year, that is relative to the number of alcohol product ads they place. This would help to increase the amount of responsibility ads underage youth is exposed to and thus, increasing the amount of reinforcement they receive to not drink underage and illegally. According to the CAMY study at Georgetown University in 2002, of 59 alcohol marketers advertising on television, only four places responsibility ads in 2002. Adolph Coors Co, Anheuser-Busch Companies Inc. , SABMiller PLC and Diageo PLC were the four parent companies whose brands placed responsibility ads in 2002. Anheuser-Busch placed the most ads, but they still spent 45 times more on product ads and placed 89 more product ads than responsibility ads (CAMY, 2002). Underage youth were 287 times more likely per capita to see a TV commercial promoting alcohol from 2001 to 2006 (Nielsen Media Research, 2006). Other studies have found that youth exposed to alcohol in movies and to alcohol in signage near schools as well as youth ownership of alcohol promotional items are all associated with a greater likelihood of underage drinking (The Surgeon General, 2007). Therefore, because of youth’s potential to be greatly influenced by alcohol advertisements, this high amount of exposure to alcohol advertisements increases the consumption of alcohol among underage youth. There is opposition to stricter regulations on alcohol advertising; some feel that these regulations will not have any effect on the consumption and use of alcohol among underage youth. According to Marcus Grant, the president and founder of the International Centre for Alcohol Policies said that in many Scandinavian countries where alcohol advertising was banned, the prevalence of alcohol abuse was still high. Also, according to the industry Association for Responsible Alcohol Use (ARA), no evidence exists to support the notion that beverage alcohol advertising has any significant effect on the rate of alcohol abuse. According to the ARA, Denmark has a ban on all broadcast advertising except on low alcohol-content products, as well as various restrictions on print and outdoor advertising. It has one of the highest reported rates of intoxication among young people. Therefore, they feel that increasing the amount of regulations of alcohol advertising, or the banning of alcohol advertising as a whole, will not result in a decline in the rate of alcohol consumption among underage youth. While alcohol marketers have made reforms in their marketing practices, these revisions fall short (Mosher & Cohen 2012). In 2006, The STOP Act was passed, requiring that the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services report annually on rates of exposure of youth to positive and negative messages about alcohol in the mass media. Advertisers are aware of the media usage of youth and current alcohol regulations do not do enough to protect underage youth from viewing alcohol advertisements. According to CAMY reports on Youth Exposure to Alcohol Ads, the advertising industry has reduced youth exposure to its advertising in magazines and cut its spending on radio. However, youth exposure to alcohol advertising on television grew by 30 percent between 2001 and 2006 (Mosher & Cohen, 2012). Because youth, ages 12 to 20, are only 13. 3 percent of the national TV viewing audience, the current threshold of not placing ads where underage youth are more than 30 percent of the audience allows alcohol advertising on programs where there are more than twice as many youth as the viewing population (Mosher & Cohen, 2012). It is obvious that current regulations do not do enough to support the goals of Congress, and of the Surgeon General, to decrease alcohol advertising exposure and alcohol consumption among underage youth. Therefore, stricter regulations need to be put into place to restrict the advertising industry from placing alcohol advertisements within youth-consumed media. CAMY issued a report of eight methods for states to limit and reduce youth exposure to alcohol advertisements. According to CAMY, only 11 states implement more than one â€Å"best practice† policy, a total of 22 states implement no policies at all. It is important for these states to implement all of eight of the methods to ensure that underage youth are not exposed to these ads and the consequences of seeing these ads (Swift, 2011). According to a study conducted by Leslie B. Snyder, Ph. D. , of the University of Connecticut, Storrs, and colleagues, a random sample of young people between the ages of 15 to 26 years old were interviewed. The researchers reported these results: (1) For each additional alcohol advertisement viewed per month, the number of drinks consumed increased by one percent (2) The same percentage increase, one percent per alcohol advertisement per month, applied to underage drinkers (those younger than age 21) as well as legal aged drinkers (3) Youth in markets with high alcohol advertising expenditures ($10 or more per person per month) also increase their drinking more over time, reaching a peak of 50 drinks per month by age 25 and, (4) Young people drank three percent more per month for each additional dollar spent per capita in their market (Buddy T., 2006). This research shows that advertising expenditure had a direct influence on the amount of alcohol consumed by underage and legal aged drinkers. According to Snyder, â€Å"The results also contradict the claims that advertising is unrelated to youth drinking amounts†¦ Alcohol advertising was a contributing factor to youth drinking quantities over time,† (Buddy T. , 2006). The facts cannot be denied; alcohol advertising is effective. The bottom line is, the more advertising young people see, the more they drink (Buddy T. , 2012). CAMY has found that many parents are beginning to become concerned about the overexposure to alcohol advertisements that their children see. Two-thirds of parents believe more ads mean more youth drinking and 75 percent of parents agree that the alcohol industry should do more to limit youth advertising (Buddy T. , 2012). It is unacceptable that nothing more has been done to prevent this while there have been multiple studies done on the correlation between alcohol advertising and underage drinking, and they all have concluded the same results: Exposure to alcohol advertising increase the likelihood for underage drinking and increased alcohol consumption. Alcohol advertisements need to be regulated across all media forms: online, television, magazine and print, radio, etc. Young people should not be exposed to alcohol advertisements, especially within the media channels that they use most. Television alcohol ads should not be allowed to be on shows with certain percentage of underage viewers, the same goes for magazine and radio advertisements. While it will be hard to regulate this, more can be done to make sure the message of preventing underage drinking is reinforced through responsibility ads. If stricter regulations on alcohol advertisements cannot be put into place, then the amount of responsibility ads countering the alcohol ads needs to be dramatically increased. Underage youth need to constantly be reinforced with the message of not underage drinking as well as the warnings of drinking such as drunk driving. In conclusion, more needs to be done to reduce the amount of youth exposure to alcohol product advertisements and to prevent underage drinking. It is the responsibility of the government and of alcohol marketers to make sure they are protecting youth, not corrupting them at a young age. Youth exposure to alcohol advertisements increase the amount of alcohol consumed by underage drinkers and current regulations are simply not doing enough to prevent this. References â€Å"Alcohol Ads Outnumber Responsibility Ads 226-1. † About. com Alcoholism. N. p. , 2002. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. â€Å"Alcohol Advertising and Youth. † Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. CAMY. org, Apr. 2007. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. Mosher, James F. , JD Cohen, and Elena N. Cohen. â€Å"State Laws to Reduce the Impact of Alcohol Marketing on Youth. † Camy. org. Alcohol Policy Consultations, 1 May 2011. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. â€Å"Prevalence of Underage Drinking. † Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. N. p. , July 2011. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. â€Å"State Report Update 2012. † Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. N. p. , 1 May 2012. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. Swift, James. â€Å"States Not Reducing Youth Exposure to Alcohol Ads. † Youthtoday. org. YouthToday. org, 4 May 2012. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. T. , Buddy. â€Å"Alcohol Advertising Increases Youth Drinking. † About. com Alcoholism. N. p. , 19 Jan. 2006. Web. 11 Dec. 2012 T. , Buddy. â€Å"Teen Drinking Influenced by Alcohol Advertising. † About. com Alcoholism. N. p. , 19 Oct. 2012. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. T. , Buddy. â€Å"Underage Drinking Troubles Parents. † About. com Alcoholism. N. p. , 27 Dec. 2007. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Surgeon General’s Call to Action To Prevent and Reduce Underage Drinking. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General, 2007.

The Curious Effects on Benjamin Button Essays

The Curious Effects on Benjamin Button Essays The Curious Effects on Benjamin Button Essay The Curious Effects on Benjamin Button Essay The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008) directed by David Fincher, is about an unusual story of a man living his life in reverse. Benjamin’s father abandons him at birth, but he finds refuge from a lovely young lady during the U.S civil war in New Orleans. As days pass Benjamin grows stronger and younger thus aging backwards leading him to experience war, parenthood and love. The sets are outstandingly realistic and detailed, bringing sense of authenticity. With the help of make-up, CGI, and sound effects, Benjamin’s reversed life from old age to babyhood look convincing, like a documentary. The make up really emphasizes the age of the characters and makes them look natural. During the first two hours of the film Benjamin is old and has the key features of an elderly person. (For instance the wrinkles, saggy skin, pale dried lips, freckles, and loss of hair). Sculptors’ and painters’ achieved the old age look by creating three life-cast silicon sculptures of Brad Pitt (Seymour). By adding life-like skin and hair to the sculptures the maquettes look like people in their 80s, 70s, and late 60s (Seymour). Through scanning, the maquettes turn into 3D images that overlay the actors’ faces during the first 52 minutes of the film (Seymour). Surprisingly, Daisy is the old woman at the beginning of the movie telling the story with her daughter. Daisy’s facial process is almost the same but instead of creating a maquette, the mould of the face is put on (Seymour). After the mould is assembled, it is then put on Cate Blanchett’s (Daisy) face and m ake up artists’ begins the process of blending combinations of makeup and brushes to make her look old (Seymour). As the movie progresses, small factors, such as smile lines around the lips and the change of colour in the characters hair helped determine the characters age. One instance is when Daisy and Queenie, smiles, there is wrinkles around the lips and the change of colour in their hair when they got older.) The same for Benjamin after the one hour mark he begins to look noticeably younger. He starts losing his wrinkles, pale skin, dried lips, grey hair, and freckles. Noticing these minuscule features really helped the audience recognize that the characters are aging. CGI plays a main component in the film and is astonishingly unnoticeable. In the first 52 minutes of the movie Brad Pitt is actually not acting as Benjamin Button (Seymour). Through 3D images from the maquettes, the actors’ faces begin to resemble Brad Pitt’s face as Benjamin from computer editing (Seymour). This allows the director to portray to the audience a smaller and older version of Brad Pitt without him physically being smaller. Unfortunately, the maquettes alone are unable to manipulate human facial movements, like talking, smiling, and blinking (Seymour). By surrounding Brad Pitt with twenty eight cameras and phosphorescent make-up; the directors is able to capture his facial expressions and movements frame by frame (Seymour). The static faces of the maquettes are then given life-like human expressions through image analysis technology from the recordings in the cameras (Seymour). On the other hand, Daisy and Queenie did not need any actors to replace them or editing to capture their facial expressions, but they did need something else. Make-up alone was unable to give them the young and old look so digital editing and visual effects was used. With digital editing and visual effects the editors are able to add and remove wrinkles and shadowing on the actors, making them look younger or older (Seymour). It’s intriguing how adding and removing wrinkles is by digital editing is unnoticeable to us. Without a doubt, other effects that is unnoticeably well done and that the audience is unable to pick up are the sound effects. Since Benjamin, in the first 52 minutes of the movie is not Brad Pitt; he is put in a room, re-enacting the scenes through a monitor while recording his voice (Seymour). With the help of the cast and computer editing, the voice is then put into sync with Benjamin’s CGI’s making it look like the images is talking (Seymour). A simple effect some audiences might not pick up that contribute to the film’s scenes is the volume level. Increasing and decreasing the level of the volume really makes the audience change their moods accordingly, without even realizing it. For example, when Benjamin is on the ship and is fighting against an enemy ship; the volume and sound effects dramatically increases. This gives the audience a sense of adrenaline and awareness that something life threatening is happening. Lastly, simple sound effects like closing the door, walking, eating, and putting on a jacket might sound silly but does interact with audience without them knowing. Since we do encounter these objects and activities in our everyday lives, when we hear these effects it makes the audience unknowingly comparing the sounds they hear in real life. This makes the film more realistic and convincing. In analysis with the help of make-up, CGI, and sound effects are pulled off exceptionally well making Benjamin’s life look convincing. Even though the story is bit unusual it gives the audience a feel of authenticity, like a life told story from a documentary. There is something that’s been on my mind though. It’s already strange Benjamin is bold old, but if he was born old why is he the size of an infant?

What Is Point of View First, Second, and Third Person

What Is Point of View First, Second, and Third Person SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips One of the best ways to prepare for the AP Literature exam is to learn about different literary devices and how you can use them to analyze everything from poetry to novels. Not only will this help you on the multiple choice section of the test, it’s critical for earning perfect scores on your essays, too! Today, we’re going to take a closer look at one specific device: point of view. First, we’ll give you the point of view definition, then we’ll explain how the work’s narrator affects its point of view. Then we’ll explain the four types of point of view and provide examples and analysis for each one. By the end of this article, you’ll be a point of view expert! So let’s get started. Point of View: Definition and Meaning In literature and poetry, point of view is defined as the perspective from which a story is told. Put another way, a story’s point of view is a way to articulate and analyze the position of the narrator in relation to the story they’re telling. Is the narrator a participant in the story they’re telling? Or are they describing events that happened to someone else? Both of these perspectives are different types of point of view (which we’ll talk about in a lot more depth later in this article, so hang tight)! So how do you figure out the point of view in a text? In order to find the point of view of a story, you first have to identify whose perspective the story is told from. That’s because the perspective of the story determines a piece of literature’s point of view! That means that in order to establish a text’s point of view, you have to figure out the narrator of the text first. What Is a Narrator? Okay...so obviously figuring out the narrator of a piece of literature is important. But what’s a narrator, exactly? No matter what type of text you’re reading- whether it’s a newspaper article, a textbook, a poem, or a best-selling novel- someone is communicating the story to the reader. In literary terms, we call that someone the text’s narrator. In other words, the narrator of a piece of literature is the person telling the story. And you know what’s even more helpful than that? Almost all written texts- whether they’re fiction, non-fiction, poetry, or otherwise- have a narrator. And since a narrator and point of view go hand in hand, that means that almost all texts have a point of view, too! Finding the Narrator So how do you figure out the narrator of a text? Sometimes the narrator of a text is pretty easy to determine. For example, for a newspaper article, the narrator of the story is obviously the reporter who’s written the piece to report the facts. They’re the person who followed the story’s trail, and now they’re sharing the story with you! Another good example of an â€Å"easy to find† comes from Herman Melville’s Moby Dick. The very first sentence of the book reads, â€Å"Call me Ishmael.† Because that’s a line in the text rather than a piece of dialogue that uses quotation marks, you know it’s the narrator speaking to the audience. In other words, the narrator of Moby Dick identifies himself and tells you his name in the very first line of the book! But figuring out the narrator of the text isn’t always that easy. For example, the Harry Potter books by J.K Rowling don’t have an easily identifiable narrator. Neither do some classic works, like The Giver by Lois Lowry or Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. What do you do in those situations? Well, just hang tight: we’ll walk you through how point of view can help you figure out the narrator in these tricky situations! Narrator vs. Point of View: What’s the Difference? Before we start really digging into point of view, it’s worth pausing a minute to talk about the differences between point of view and narration. Because narration and point of view are closely linked, it’s tempting to think of them as interchangeable terms. But the narrator of a text and the point of view of a text are two different things. The narrator is who is telling the story. In contrast, a text’s point of view is the perspective the story is being told from. If you think of the narrator as a person, their point of view is the angle they’re taking on the story. Think of it this way: in literature, point of view and narrators go together like...well, like thunder and lightning. You can’t have one without the other, but they’re definitely not the same thing. The 4 Types of Point of View Okay, let’s look more closely at the four different types of point of view found in literature. In the following sections, we’ll explain each type of point of view, give you tips for figuring out if something is written in that perspective, and then walk you through a real-life example of that point of view in literature. In first person point of view, you seethe story through the narrator's eyes First Person Point of View In first person point of view, the story is told from the narrator’s perspective. This allows the narrator to give readers their first-hand experience, including what they saw, felt, thought, heard, said, and did. Think of it kind of like The Blair Witch Project: in first person point of view, it’s like the narrator is wearing a GoPro camera strapped to their forehead. The reader sees exactly what the narrator sees and gets their singular perspective on the events that unfold. In other words, a first person point of view makes the narrator the eyewitness to the plot of the story. Using a first person point of view allows an author to dive much more deeply into the narrator’s character, since the reader gets to hear the narrator’s inner thoughts and experience the narrator’s emotions. Additionally, it makes the narrator the main character, or protagonist, of the story. If something is written in first person, it’s a pretty big indicator that the narrator is going to play a pivotal role in communicating the text’s messages or themes. But there are also some pretty major limitations to a first person point of view, too. Just like real life, readers won’t be able to get the thoughts and feelings of other characters in the novel. Also, the narrator’s observations might be skewed depending on how they feel about other people. Because of that, first person narrators can be unreliable, meaning that their perspective skews the accuracy of the story they’re telling. That means it's up to the reader to determine whether they believe the narrator is being truthful or not. Tips for Identifying First Person Point of View In many ways, a first person point of view is one of the easiest to pick out because it uses first person pronouns, like I, we, me, my, our, and us. If the book is written using these terms, then you can pretty much guarantee that the author is using first person! Keep in mind that not all first person narrators are the book’s main character, like Moby Dick’s Ishmael or The Hunger Games’ Katniss Everdeen. That’s because first person narrators aren’t always the main characters in the work. Take, for instance, the Sherlock Holmes stories, where Dr. John Watson is the narrator. While he’s an important character in the story, he’s definitely not the main characterSherlock Holmes is! Additionally, sometimes first person narrators are anonymous, like third person narrators often are. (Don’t worry: we’ll get into third person narration in just a minute.) That’s why it’s best to look for pronouns when trying to figure out a work’s point of view! If you’re trying to find the narrator’s name, it might not always be there. A good example of this is Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 130,† where the narrator is describing the woman he loves. The narrator of the poem is never named, but because he uses pronouns like â€Å"I† and â€Å"my,† you know it’s written in first person. Example of First Person Point of View: Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 29† Many of Shakespeare’s sonnets are written in first person, and â€Å"Sonnet 29† is no different. Let’s look at the full poem and see why it qualifies as being written in first person: When, in disgrace with fortune and men’s eyes, I all alone beweep my outcast state,And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries,And look upon myself and curse my fate,Wishing me like to one more rich in hope,Featured like him, like him with friends possessed,Desiring this man’s art and that man’s scope,With what I most enjoy contented least;Yet in these thoughts myself almost despising,Haply I think on thee, and then my state,(Like to the lark at break of day arisingFrom sullen earth) sings hymns at heaven’s gate; For thy sweet love remembered such wealth brings That then I scorn to change my state with kings. Remember, we can tell that something’s written in first person if it uses first person pronouns outside of dialogue. Since there’s no dialogue in this poem at all, we can look at the entire text to find evidence of the first person point of view. Notice that the narrator (or speaker, as the narrator is often referred to in poetry) uses words like â€Å"I,† â€Å"me,† and â€Å"myself† throughout the poem. This is a clear indicator that this poem is written in a first person point of view! Actually, â€Å"Sonnet 29† is a good example of something written in first person where the narrator isn’t named. But we can still learn quite a bit about them through the poem itself! For example, we learn that he’s an outcast (line 2) who is unhappy with his current status (line 4). Despite his all-encompassing misery (line 9), when he thinks upon his love, his spirits are lifted (lines 10, 11, and 12). As we start piecing the evidence together, we begin to get a clearer picture of who the narrator of the poem is, and the power love has to lift us out of even the bleakest circumstance. Other Works Written in First Person Point of View First person is a really popular writing technique, so it’s no surprise that there are tons of books written in this point of view! Here are a few other poems, books, and book series that you might be familiar with that use first person point of view: Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 18† Suzanne Collins’ The Hunger Games book series Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes stories Second person point of view uses pronouns like "you" and "your" to tell the story. Second Person Point of View In second person point of view, the story is told from the perspective of another character. Sometimes this character is another person in the book, but it can also be the reader themselves! More importantly, when a writer uses second person, they want readers to connect emotionally with the topic they’re writing about! Here’s an example of what we mean. Say you’re reading an article about the amount of plastic pollution in the ocean. If the writer wants to pull on your heartstrings and make you take the issue they’re writing about seriously, they might use a second person point of view and write something like this: â€Å"Imagine you’re on the vacation of your dreams sailing across the Caribbean. You can’t wait to get out into the open water, where everything will be calm, peaceful, and gorgeous. You take a nap as the captain sets sail, and when you return to the deck, you’re shocked by what you see. Instead of a vast expanse of sparkling blue water, you see a huge, bobbing mound of trash. Fast food containers, plastic bags, and discarded water bottles bob along the surface as far as you can see. It looks like you’re sailing through a garbage dump, and you feel equal parts disgust and despair.† Using the second person point of view in a passage puts the reader into the story- in this case, it’s a story about pollution. Second person makes the reader feel like they’re making every move...from the joy of going on vacation, to the shock of seeing so much plastic in the water, to the â€Å"disgust and despair† of realizing what pollution is doing to the sea. Suddenly, the reader becomes more invested in what the author has to say about the problem, since the second person point of view makes them feel like they’ve experienced it first-hand! While it’s very rare to find a text that’s written completely in second person, many authors will switch to this perspective when they want readers to feel connected to the topic they’re writing about. Tips for Identifying Second Person Point of View Like first person point of view, it’s pretty easy to spot the second person point of view...when you know what you’re looking for, that is. When something is written in second person, the writer uses second person pronouns (like â€Å"you,† â€Å"yourself,† and â€Å"your†) in the text that falls outside of dialogue, too. Like we just mentioned, it’s pretty rare to find a whole text that’s written this way. More than likely, you’ll find a few paragraphs written in second person, rather than an entire work. The one exception to this rule is the classic Choose Your Own Adventure book! You probably remember these from when you were a kid: each book had a topic, and at the bottom of each page, you were given decisions to make. Depending on what you chose, you’d flip to a different page in the book, and your decisions would affect the story! Example of Second Person Point of View: Bright Lights, Big City by Jay McInerny Jay McInerny uses second person to open his book, Bright Lights, Big City, which tells the story of life in the fast lane in 1980s New York. Let’s look at the first paragraph to see the second person point of view in action: You are not the kind of guy who would be at a place like this at this time of the morning. How did you get here? It was your friend Tad Allagash. Your brain is rushing with Brazilian marching powder. You are talking to a girl with a shaved head. You want to meet the kind of girl who isn't going to be here. You want to read the kind of fiction this isn't. You give the girl some powder. She still doesn't want you. Things were fine once. Then you got married. Notice that all the pronouns in this section are either â€Å"you† or â€Å"your,† which is a clear indicator that this is written in second person! It’s also a good example of how using second person can immediately pull someone into a narrative by making the reader and the main character one in the same. In this case, McInerny is creating a whole backstory for your character- from giving you friends like Tad to hinting at your dysfunctional marriage. Other Works Written in Second Person Point of View Second person is probably the rarest of the points of view. Usually writers will use second person in sections of their work to emphasize a point, rather than throughout their entire work. Here are some pieces of literature that use a second person point of view (at least in part): Langston Hughes’ â€Å"Hard Luck† Italo Calvino’s If On A Winter’s Night A Traveller Claudia Rankine’s Citizen: An American Lyric Emma Campbell Webster’s Lost in Austen: Create Your Own Jane Austen Adventure In third person omniscient point of view, the narrator is god-like and tells the reader everything! Third Person Omniscient Point of View The third type of perspective you can find in literature is a third person omniscient point of view. In third person omniscient, the narrator uses third person pronouns like â€Å"he,† â€Å"she,† â€Å"they,† and â€Å"their† to refer to all the characters in the work. As a result, the narrator removes themselves as a critical character in the work (unlike the narrators that use a first or second person point of view). Additionally, because this is a third person omniscient perspective, the narrator is given god-like qualities over the story. (Merriam-Webster defines an â€Å"omniscient† person as someone who has â€Å"universal or complete knowledge†!) That means the narrator can dive into any character’s head and share their thoughts and emotions with the reader. Additionally, the narrator can move around in time and place to show the reader events that the characters themselves may not be aware of! That includes jumping around from location to location, or even moving backward and forward in time. Using a third person omniscient narrator lets an author show the reader the whole gameboard, so to speak. There’s no real limit to what a narrator can show the readers! Consequently, it allows the author to build a robust world full of well-developed characters, since the author no longer has to contend with the single-character limits of a first or second person point of view. It’s also a particularly useful technique in works with large casts of characters, since the narrator can introduce the reader to each character more quickly- and with more detail- than other points of view would allow! Example of Third Person Omniscient Point of View: Middlemarch by George Eliot The narrator of George Eliot’s Victorian novel, Middlemarch, is an excellent example of how a third person omniscient narrator can give readers a comprehensive view of a text. Let’s take a look at the book’s opening paragraph to see this type of point of view in action: Miss Brooke had that kind of beauty which seems to be thrown into relief by poor dress. Her hand and wrist were so finely formed that she could wear sleeves not less bare of style than those in which the Blessed Virgin appeared to Italian painters; and her profile as well as her stature and bearing seemed to gain the more dignity from her plain garments, which by the side of provincial fashion gave her the impressiveness of a fine quotation from the Bible,- or from one of our elder poets,- in a paragraph of to-day's newspaper. She was usually spoken of as being remarkably clever, but with the addition that her sister Celia had more common-sense. Nevertheless, Celia wore scarcely more trimmings; and it was only to close observers that her dress differed from her sister's, and had a shade of coquetry in its arrangements; for Miss Brooke's plain dressing was due to mixed conditions, in most of which her sister shared. The pride of being ladies had something to do with it: the Brooke con nections, though not exactly aristocratic, were unquestionably "good:" if you inquired backward for a generation or two, you would not find any yard-measuring or parcel-tying forefathers- anything lower than an admiral or a clergyman; and there was even an ancestor discernible as a Puritan gentleman who served under Cromwell, but afterwards conformed, and managed to come out of all political troubles as the proprietor of a respectable family estate. Young women of such birth, living in a quiet country-house, and attending a village church hardly larger than a parlor, naturally regarded frippery as the ambition of a huckster's daughter. Remember: omniscient narrators are god-like in that they can give you more information than a single character could provide from their limited perspective. In this case, Eliot’s omniscient narrator gives us tons of information about Miss Brooke. We know that she’s beautiful but not financially well off ( the narrator calls this living in â€Å"mixed conditions†), which is reflected in her â€Å"plain garments.† Regardless, Miss Brooke is also â€Å"remarkably clever.† Beyond that, the narrator tells us about Miss Brooke’s family by looking into her past- which is easy given that the narrator is omniscient! We learn that she and her sister, Celia, aren’t aristocratic, but they come from a good family that includes admirals, clergymen, and politicians. This helps Eliot develop characters and situations quickly, which is important in a book with a large cast of characters like Middlemarch. Other Works Written in Third Person Omniscient Point of View Third person omniscient is a common point of view, especially in longer texts. Here are some examples of other works that feature an omniscient point of view: Louisa May Alcott’s Little Women Oscar Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter Philip K. Dick’s Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? In third person limited point of view, it's as if the narrator is standing behind one character's shoulder. Third Person Limited Point of View The last point of view an author can use is the third person limited point of view. Just like the omniscient perspective we talked about earlier, texts written in a third person limited point of view use third person pronouns to discuss characters outside of dialogue. The difference between the two is in how much information the narrator shares with the reader.With a third person limited perspective, the narrator is limited to giving you the perspective of a single character. The narrator can peek inside the character’s head to share their thoughts, feelings, and experiences, similar to a first person point of view. Unlike first person, however, a narrator using a third person limited point of view can also zoom out to give readers a better understanding of how the character they’re following fits into the text’s plot, setting, or situation!Here’s an easy way of understanding the difference between a first person, third person omniscient, and a third perso n limited point of view. Think of the narrator as a person holding a camera. You, as the reader, get to see everything the camera sees. With first person point of view, it’s like the character has had the camera implanted in their brain. You can see whatever the character looks at and nothing more.With a third person limited point of view, on the other hand, it’s like the narrator is standing behind one character and filming over his shoulder. Not only can you get a sense of what the character is seeing, the narrator can also step back a little bit to show readers what’s going on around the character...as long as the character stays in the frame. Third person omniscient is the most comprehensive view. It’s as if the narrator is filming from the rafters of the building. They can zoom out to show everyone for a global perspective, or they can zoom in on different events to give you a better idea of what’s happening in specific situations.So why would a writer use a third person limited point of view? Well, it’s great for situations where knowing every single detail of a story would spoil the plot. Mystery novels, for instance, often use third person limited point of view. It allows the narrator to give you the detective’s thoughts and feelings while not spoiling the whodunit! It also allows the writer to focus on developing a single character while giving readers a better view of what’s going on around that character. Example of Third Person Limited Point of View: Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone by J.K. RowlingLike we mentioned earlier, all texts have a point of view...which means that the Harry Potter stories do, too! Let’s look at a passage from Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone to get a better idea of how a third person limited point of view works. In this scene, Harry and his friends, Hermione and Ron, are looking through the library to learn more about the sorcerer’s stone: Hermione took out a list of subjects and titles she had decided to search while Ron strode off down a row of books and started pulling them off the shelves at random. Harry wandered over to the Restricted Section. He had been wondering for a while if Flamel wasn’t somewhere in there. Unfortunately, you needed a specially signed note from one of the teachers to look in any of the restricted books, and he knew he’d never get one. These were the books containing powerful Dark Magic never taught at Hogwarts, and only read by older students studying advanced Defense Against the Dark Arts. It’s clear that this passage is written in third person: the narrator uses pronouns like â€Å"he,† â€Å"she,† and â€Å"them,† instead of first person pronouns like â€Å"I† or second person pronouns like â€Å"you.† But how do we know it’s third person limited? Well, we get Harry’s thoughts and feelings- like his curiosity about Nicholas Flamel- but no one else’s. We don’t know what Hermione and Ron are reading, or if they’re excited, nervous, or scared.Rowling wrote all seven Harry Potter books using a third person limited point of view that made Harry the focal point. The narrator can tell us what Harry’s thinking, feeling, and seeing- as well as zoom out to tell us more about the precarious situations he finds himself in. But because the narrator is tied to Harry, they can’t give us a glimpse into other characters’ minds, nor can it show readers what’s happening in other par ts of Hogwarts (where Harry isn’t). That helps readers get to know Harry, even as it helps Rowling maintain the mystery around the sorcerer’s stone (or the chamber of secrets, or the half-blood prince, etc.). Other Works Written in Third Person Limited Point of ViewThe third person limited point of view is a popular perspective for writers to use, so there’s no shortage of examples! Here are a few works you might be familiar with that feature a third person limited point of view: Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s â€Å"Christabel† Eudora Welty’s The Golden Apples Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice Madeleine L’Engle’s A Wrinkle In Time What’s Next? If you’re studying for the AP Literature exam, you’ll need to know about more literary devices than point of view. Why not check out our other comprehensive guides, like this one on personification? The more familiar you are with literary terms, what they mean, and how to use them, the better your test score will be! Did you know that there are two English AP tests? One is the literature exam, which focuses on literary analysis and comprehension. The second test is the language exam, which tests your ability to understand argument and write persuasively. Click here to learn more about the AP Language exam, how it differs from the literature exam, and what you need to do to knock it out of the park! After you learn the fundamentals, the best way to prepare for an AP exam is to take practice tests. Check out this article on how to find the best AP practice exams, and learn how to use them to boost your score!

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Discussion - Essay Example During the process, Saul who was the Israel leader then gives David fighting weapons but instead, David preferred a sling to confront his enemy. David moves forward and then hits the Giant Goliath in the head by using a single stone. After the giant falls down, David goes ahead and grabs Goliath’s sword before cutting his head off. The story of David generally represents the inner strength, the will to survive, power and a sense of triumph. Michelangelo, Donatello, Verrocchio and Bernini are different artists who decided to bring David’s story to life through their artistic work. However, each artistic has his own way of representing David’s actions. Their styles generally change significantly. The main theme in the piece of work is power, strength or pride. Alternatively, the four artists explored an innocent young David who received power and strength from God. Verrocchio version of David was a young man who had strength and represented the emergence of a hero. On the other hand, Michelangelo depicted David as a hero who was preparing for the big battle. Michelangelo version of David was of a mature and a strong character. Bernini completed the story of David by sculpting a young David who was already fighting, full of strength, power and masculinity both physically and divine. The combination of the four pieces of work is generally a slow moving picture motion from the first sculpture, which poses, to the sculpture that really shows the real war. Michelangelo represents the start of the war with; Bernini completes the sequence with dynamic rhythmos in order to give his piece of work the motion sense. His idea was to bring out the battle aspect through the sculpture. David done by Gian Lorenzo Bernini is a life-size marble sculpture almost the same as that of Verrochio, Donatello and Michelangelo. The David Bernini sculpture was one of the several sculptures used for decorating the Bernini’s patron Cardinal Borghese villa. Today, the

Explain the Scientific Management Approach with reference to Henry Essay - 1

Explain the Scientific Management Approach with reference to Henry Fayol and Frederick Taylors principles of management - Essay Example tation of science was basically targeted at manufacturing industry and other regular responsibilities, in order to improve productivity and competence from top to lower echelon of leadership. On the one hand, Taylor suggests that the development of proven practices need to be anchored on comprehensive observation of business processes, and on thorough training and recruitment of the most qualified of workers, because by doing so, organizations will be guaranteed smoother processes and more profit (Maqbool, Zakariya, and Paracha, 2011). In light of this, Taylor summarised his approach in four principles namely: a) scientific creation of work processes; b) scientific selection and training of workers; c) enlightening workers on the benefits of scientific management; and d) specialization of employees (Taylor, 2013). All of these strategies are aimed at improving productivity and better gains in organizations. Taylor (2013) argues that developing a scientific system of work eases the measurement of employee output. With these analyses, positive adjustments could be affected to the equipment and workstation programs used by employees, which would eventually enhance efficiency and productivity of business. Scientific recruitment and preparation of workers to weather various workplace challenges helps to realign divergent employee aptitudes, and fit them to their respective job. In light of this, the role of management would translate in to selecting the most qualified of employees for a particular job, and training the candidates scientifically to enhance their productivity (Maqbool, Zakariya, and Paracha, 2011). For instance, a high school that is in need a graduate teacher specialised in specific subjects, would recruit such an individual from a pool of applicants, and train him or her on the best ways to relate well with students, fellow members of staff, parents, school clinicians and the immediate community to ensure they fit in the new workplace

Knowledge management Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Knowledge management - Annotated Bibliography Example d that KM is supported as a means of harnessing and utilizing intellectual resources to address challenges, as well as improving innovation, business performance and client approval. This paper aims at providing annotated bibliography for the topic of knowledge management. After careful selection, five articles have been found from the online library, and these have been discussed here in the paper. A common format has been used for summarizing the articles to be able to cover the major aspects of the paper. The main aim of the article is to identify the nature of the methodology employed by top business and management journals and to analyse the aspects that are considered while creation of the management knowledge. This article has used a very different approach and completes its sampling from the various other management articles that have been presented in the past. Based on this, the following information: Sample: A hundred and twenty articles have been chosen from leading management journals between the periods of 1991 to 2000.Instrument: Secondary Data collection (Desk Study) Analysis: The analysis of the article focuses on the characteristics of the authorship and also focuses on the research methodology adopted by the sample articles. The research findings clearly provides detailed explanation of the authorship profiles, where it has been found that majority of the contributors are senior academics and only as low as 6% of the total papers were actually by lecturers or assistant professors. The major contributors were the associate professors and the professors. The findings also find that majority of the authors were male with around 35% of the authors as female. This research although not directly related to the topic, proves to be very helpful and impactful in the field of research as in knowledge management. This article helps the students and the readers identify with a various set of important aspects like the reliability, and validity of the

Genetic Engineering of Animals: Benefits

Genetic Engineering of Animals: Benefits Animal genetic engineering has existed for thousands of years in the form of selective breeding. People have chosen desirable characteristics for appearance, survival traits, and other qualities in animals they wish to obtain in future offspring. They then bred these animals to selected mates in order to increase likelihood of offspring inheriting these desired traits. More recent definitions of genetic engineering define it as the manipulation or modification of the genetic code of selected animals to alter characteristics and to introduce certain desired traits by changing the cells genome. This can be done by adding to or deleted from DNA or substitution of certain genes. This form of manipulating DNA is a very new technology. This type of engineering was made possible over many years of research and significant findings that has led to what is now the understanding of DNAs structure, purpose, and properties. First studies of manipulation were conducted on bacteria such as E. Coli before animals were experimented with beginning in 1982 with mice. While genetic engineering is a new exciting and fascinating discovery for scientific research with unlimited range of possibilities, it raises moral and ethical concern. It is a highly controversial topic this day in age. Questions have been raised about the extent that animals can be treated to conditions and procedures considered to be unethical for humans. Debates regarding animals rights to not be inflicted with pain or caused suffering of the animal are considered against benefits for human interests. Many arguments about animals consciousness, self-awareness, cognitive and language capacity, morals, quality of life, and evolutionary status have been evaluated in hopes to find differences between humans and animals. If a moral standard could be clearly defined this could justify treating animals to extreme laboratory harms. There is a wide range of opinion regarding the weight that should be accounted to human and animal interests. At one ends of the bar there are what is called an absolutist positions, people that feel human benefits are always significantly more important to animal interests. The opposing view is that if it is certain experiments should not be conducted on humans, they should also not be conducted on animals. Within this group there are two sub categories of opinion. Some activists object to experiments which cause animals pain and suffering, while others object to all human uses of animals. In order to find common ground between the two extremes a strict set of research guidelines has been established to find morally but beneficial genetic engineering on animals. Some basic criteria for animal research are as follows. Animal housing and care are provided with proper food, water, and cleanliness. Discomfort, distress and pain are minimal using appropriate medication, and without unnecessary pain inflicted. Clear objectives and procedures are defined and carried out. All experiments using animals must undergo a protocol ethical review. Al l investigators that handle and use animals have to be appropriately trained and qualified to work with the animals. If it is necessary to administer euthanasia, is should be carried out according to good practice and used appropriately. The studies have to have a worthwhile beneficial outcome for human, animal, or medical use. Lastly the benefits of the study must justify and outweigh the harm done to the animal. Animal research is a necessary, highly beneficial to genetic research and can be ethical if conducted properly. There are a huge variety of benefits that genetic engineering in animals has provided not only for human uses but for animal gain as well as insight into evolution of species. The largest use of animals is for medical advancements. Most of the work done is applied to medical or biological research intending to understand gene function and regulation as well as study human or animal disease. Animals can be used to alter their DNA sequences to see the results. It is now known today many gene functions and causes of disorders from animal DNA analysis. The capability to replace or change single genes, or even delete them, can help investigate the natural functions of a gene, the mechanisms in the body that control it or affect it, and the relationship between genes and environmental factors. This information has provided insight to how genes function and ways to alter these genes in order to prevent diseases and disorders. The ability to investigate the genomes of mice has revealed proce sses where genes are turned on or off, and cell tissues become differentiated. Many different mouse genes have been altered to mimic human diseases are used in studying the mechanisms that the disorders are caused by, and are being used towards developing more effective treatments. Humans have greatly benefited from these findings especially in the advancements of treating diseases such as cancer. Drugs can also be tested on these genetically engineered animals to see how they will affect processes such as cell replication and destruction. These animals provide an unlimited range of knowledge and opportunity for new technology and advances in the medical field. Animal genetic engineering has also provided advances in the industrial world as well. Genetically modified farm animals were used in scientific research procedures for a range of potential and actual benefits. A better understanding of disease resistance in livestock has been found and can now be applied to other animals to produce more disease resistant livestock. Genetic modification of cows may production of milk with enhanced nutritional quality in the future. Farm animals have also been genetically modified to increase productivity, for example animal growth rate, wool quantity, or milk production. Genetic engineering has also been used to select for genetic factors associated with more viable characteristics of livestock as well as to make livestock more suitable for harsh factory farm conditions. These are just a few benefits animal engineering provides and many more will come in the future. Genetic engineering is made possible by the unique properties of DNA. DNA is a double stranded helical structured with nucleotide base pairs held together in the middle with hydrogen bonds. This weak form of bond allows the strands to separate to be replicated easily. DNA is tightly wound into chromosomes. Genes are formed by the different nucleotide sequencing on the DNA strand. These genes code for a certain trait in the organism. The genetic makeup of the organism is called the genotype; the physical or observable trait that they code for is called the phenotype. This phenotype might be an appearance, a survival characteristic, or more desirable quality for the species. Understanding of the structural and function properties of DNA allows researchers to isolate genes, and manipulate them in a variety of ways. There are numerous methods of genetic manipulation so I will only briefly discuss a few select types. DNA recombinant techniques use vectors such as plasmids and viruses that carry foreign genes into host cells. This method is most often used to alter bacterial genomes. The plasmid circles can be broken allowing new genetic material to be inserted in them. This is done by treating the bacteria and a specific gene with a restriction enzyme so ends of each will join with each other on contact. Plasmids with new genetic material can pass across the cells plasma membrane and insert the new genetic material into the bacteriums own genes. The bacteria will add the gene to its sequence and begin to produce the protein that it codes for. Viruses, which are infectious particles of genetic material, act similarly to plasmids as vectors in genetic engineering. The virus carries the gene into a host cell similar to plasmids. Researchers can choose the bacteria that have the new genes absorbed into them and use those bacteria to place the gene into the desired animal. Microinjection is a method that does not use biological vectors of plasmids and viruses. This method involves injecting genetic material with new genes into the recipient cell. When the cell is large enough, like many animal cells, the process can be done with a glass needle. After the injected genes find the host cells DNA sequence they can incorporate themselves into the strand. This is one of the simplest methods of gene manipulation. Bioballistics is a method that use metal slivers to carry the genetic material to the inside of the cell. The small metal pieces are coated with genetic material. It injects the pieces into the cell using a gun like apparatus. A perforated metal plate stops the cartridge, but the small pieces are allowed to pass through into the living cells. Inside the cell, the genetic material is carried to the nucleus and is incorporated into the cells genes. The cells take up the gene are programmed to replicate it. This is the most successful way for the insertion of genes into plant cells but can but can be used in animals as well. Genes are chemical compounds, so they can be manipulated in the same way as other chemical compounds can be manipulated. DNA molecules are large and complex, so the task of manipulation is extremely difficult. However, chemists know techniques in order to cut molecules apart and then put them back together very carefully with high technological instruments. This procedure is known as gene splicing. This method of gene splicing can happen naturally in cells during such processes as division or repair. Cells take genes apart, rearrange their material, and put them back together in a new sequence or arrangement. Discoveries show that cells have certain enzymes that can disassemble DNA molecules and put reassemble them again. Such as endonucleases which are enzymes that can cut a DNA molecule at some given sequence location. Another example is exonucleases are enzymes that can remove one nitrogen base from the DNA stand. A third type is ligases that are enzymes that can join two DNA segm ents back together. Researchers can use knowledge from these natural methods to artificially alter genes using tools such as submicroscopic scissors and glue. With these they can rearranged one or more DNA molecules by cutting them apart, reordering them, and the put back together again. There are so much undiscovered possibilities in genetic engineering that it is nearly impossible to predict what the future can hold. Some potential fields of research are more advances with stem cell research, advances in replacement organs grown form cells, new genetically altered fetuses. There will be more treatment methods for diseases as well as preventions by gene alterations. The possibilities are endless and there is a lot of research being conducted that is not even published yet. Genetic engineering in animals is of particular interest to me because my family has been in the business of genetic alterations for over thirty years through selective breeding. We own a livestock farm, raising sheep and goats primarily for livestock judging competitions, but as well as for milk production and wool production. Every year we attend approximately twenty fairs or shows throughout New England to have our animals evaluated against competition to be critiqued for desirable qualities and structure based on the ideal species score card. The judge places these animals based on which animal contains the most desirable combination of traits. In order for my family to obtain quality animals we must carefully take into consideration each judges review of the animal in order to select a mate that will compliment its strength and has a high likelihood of improving flaws in the offspring. It is a long and tedious process to improve quality of the show herd; it takes years of trial and error to find suitable mates to produce the desirable offspring. Having an understanding of how genes are inherited allows for us to choose a male mate for our females by examining his offspring and seeing the ratios of how many have the trait we are looking for and estimating if there will be a high likelihood we could obtain the trait as well. We also look at the males parents to see what the parental generation had for phenotypic traits. Although we do not use high genetic methods to create our genetically engineered livestock it is a careful science that takes years of practice in order to know how to find a mating that will give us an increase in desirable traits in order to continue to do as well as we do on the show circuits. Here is a small anecdote to show my interest in this topic: when I first took a genetics class in high school I learned how to calculate genotypes using the punnett square. This interested me so much I sat down and tried to draw a pedigree to pr edict the genotypes of my black versus white sheep and the likelihood of each of their genetic make ups based on their parents and the offspring they have produced. I was able to determine white is recessive to black and which sheep were heterozygous or homozygous for many of them. Selective breeding is a very important method for my familys business without it there would be a lot of difficulty maintaining and improving the high quality livestock show herd we have. Genetic engineering in animal species has come a long way from simple matings to complex technology manipulating genomes. There are benefits including medical advances for humans, disease prevention for animals, and industrial production gains. These benefits can be obtained as long as the research stays within the set ethical guidelines. There are many methods to alter the DNA sequence such as recombinants with vectors and plasmids, microinjections, bioballistics, and gene splicing. Genetic engineering will continue to advance and hold great promise for opportunity for future advances. Work cited Boyd Group. 1999. Genetic engineering: animal welfare and ethics. Retrived15. Nov. 2010.  http://www.boyd-group.demon.co.uk/genmod.htm Monaco, Michael. Genetic Engineering in Animals. Retrieved 14, Nov. 2010.  http://www.govhs.org/vhsweb/Gallery.nsf/Files/Genetic+Engineering,+a+group+project/$file/animal.html Van Eenennaam, Allison. Genetic Engineering and Animals Agriculture. University of  California. Retrived 15, Nov. 2010. http://ucanr.org/freepubs/docs/8184.pdf Union of Concerned Scientists. Genetic Engineering Techniques. 2003. Retrieved 15, Nov.  2010. http://www.ucsusa.org/food_and_agriculture/science_and_impacts/science/genetic-engineering-techniques.html West, Chad. 2006. Economics and Ethics in Genetic Engineering of Animals. Harvard  Journal of Law and Technology. Retrieved 15, Nov. 2010.  http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/articles/pdf/v19/19HarvJLTech413.pdf